This subject examines the behavioural implications of natural and human made and modified settings. It is an interdisciplinary, but essentially psychological synthesis of those theoretical and research streams variously labelled ecological psychology, human ecology, environmental perception/cognition, proxemics and behavioural design and it borrows substantially from human biology, human geography, spatial and urban anthropology and the design professions. Subject areas covered include a brief evolutionary perspective, physical environmental factors (such as temperature, information load, periodicity and pollution), personal space and territoriality, human isolation and crowding, human factors research, stress, natural disasters perception and response, environmental design, vernacular architecture and cross-cultural comparisons, urban settings, environmental impact assessment and evolution and general theoretical and methodological considerations.